In Vitro Fertilization (IVF): Side Effects, Risks & What to Expect
What Is IVF?
In vitro fertilization (IVF) is the most advanced and widely used form of assisted reproductive technology (ART). IVF involves retrieving mature eggs from the ovaries, fertilizing them with sperm in a laboratory, and transferring one or more embryos into the uterus to achieve pregnancy.
Why Choose IVF?
IVF is used to treat a variety of fertility issues, including:
- Blocked or damaged fallopian tubes
- Ovulation disorders or premature ovarian failure
- Uterine fibroids
- Male infertility (low sperm count or motility)
- Previous tubal sterilization
- Genetic disorders
- Unexplained infertility
- Fertility preservation before cancer treatment
IVF Process Overview
Step 1: Fertility Medications
Hormonal injections stimulate the ovaries to produce multiple eggs. Monitoring includes blood tests and ultrasound.
Step 2: Egg Retrieval
Eggs are collected using a transvaginal ultrasound-guided needle under sedation.
Step 3: Sperm Collection
Sperm is provided by the partner or donor. In some cases, surgical extraction is necessary.
Step 4: Fertilization
Eggs and sperm are combined through conventional insemination or ICSI. Embryos are monitored for development.
Step 5: Embryo Transfer
One or more embryos are transferred into the uterus using a catheter. Implantation may occur 6–10 days post-transfer
IVF Side Effects
Common side effects include:
- Mild cramping
- Bloating
- Constipation
- Breast tenderness
- Light spotting or fluid discharge
Call your doctor immediately if you experience:
- Heavy vaginal bleeding
- Severe pelvic pain
- Blood in urine
- Fever over 100.5°F (38°C)
Side effects from fertility medications:
- Headaches
- Mood swings
- Abdominal pain
- Hot flashes
- Rare: Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS)
IVF Risks
Potential risks of IVF include:
- Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS): Severe bloating, rapid weight gain, nausea, shortness of breath
- Multiple pregnancy: Higher risk of early labor, low birth weight
- Egg retrieval complications: Bleeding, infection, or injury to organs
- Ectopic pregnancy: Fertilized egg implants outside the uterus (2–5% risk)
- Miscarriage: Risk increases with maternal age
- Birth defects: Slightly increased risk, largely related to age
- Emotional and financial stress
IVF Success Rates
IVF success rates vary by age, health, and fertility history:
- 41–43% for women under age 35
- 33–36% for women ages 35–37
- 23–27% for women ages 38–40
-
13–18% for women over 4
Options If IVF Isn’t Working
If you do not produce viable eggs or your partner is sterile, donor eggs, sperm, or embryos can be used. Counseling and legal guidance are recommended.
Choosing a Fertility Clinic
Consider these factors when selecting an IVF clinic:
- Clinic success rates (available from CDC or SART)
- IVF treatment costs and insurance options
- Available services (PGT, donor program, embryo freezing)
- Patient support and counseling services
Preparing for IVF
Before starting IVF, expect the following evaluations:
- Ovarian reserve testing
- Semen analysis
- Infectious disease screening
- Mock embryo transfer
- Uterine evaluation
Final Thoughts on IVF Side Effects and Risks
While IVF is a powerful fertility treatment, it comes with physical, emotional, and financial considerations. At invetrofertilization.com, we provide trusted guidance and up-to-date information to support you through your IVF journey.
Always consult your fertility specialist to understand how IVF applies to your unique situation and what you can do to increase your chances of success.